Scientists prove it really is a thin line between love and hate

Love and hate are intimately linked within the human brain, according to a study that has discovered the biological basis for the two most intense emotions.
Scientists studying the physical nature of hate have found that some of the nervous circuits in the brain responsible for it are the same as those that are used during the feeling of romantic love – although love and hate appear to be polar opposites.
A study using a brain scanner to investigate the neural circuits that become active when people look at a photograph of someone they say they hate has found that the "hate circuit" shares something in common with the love circuit.
The findings could explain why both hate and romantic love can result in similar acts of extreme behaviour – both heroic and evil – said Professor Semir Zeki of University College London, who led the study published in the on-line journal PloS ONE.
"Hate is often considered to be an evil passion that should, in a better world, be tamed, controlled and eradicated. Yet to the biologist, hate is a passion that is of equal interest to love," Professor Zeki said.
"Like love, it is often seemingly irrational and can lead individual to heroic and evil deeds. How can two opposite sentiments lead to the same behaviour?"
The study advertised for volunteers to take part in the study and 17 people were chosen who professed a deep hatred for one individual. Most chose an ex-lover or a competitor at work, although one woman expressed an intense hatred for a famous political figure.
Professor Zeki and John Romaya of the Wellcome Laboratory of Neurobiology analysed the activity of the neural circuits in the brain that lit up when the volunteers were viewing photos of the hated person.
They found that the hate circuit includes parts of the brain called the putamen and the insula, found in the sub-cortex of the organ. The putamen is already known to be involved in the perception of contempt and disgust and may also be part of the motor system involved in movement and action.
"Significantly, the putamen and the insula are also both activated by romantic love. This is not surprising. The putamen could also be involved in the preparation of aggressive acts in a romantic context, as in situations when a rival presents a danger," Professor Zeki said.
"Previous studies have suggested that the insula may be involved in responses to distressing stimuli, and the viewing of both a loved and a hated face may constitute such a distressing signal."
One major difference between love and hate appears to be in the fact that large parts of the cerebral cortex – associated with judgement and reasoning – become de-activated during love, whereas only a small area is deactivated in hate.
"This may seem surprising since hate can also be an all-consuming passion like love. But whereas in romantic love, the lover is often less critical and judgemental regarding the loved person, it is more likely that in the context of hate the hater may want to exercise judgement in calculating moves to harm, injure or otherwise exact revenge," Professor Zeki said.
"Interestingly, the activity of some of these structures in response to a hated face is proportional in strength to the declared intensity of hate, thus allowing the subjective state of hate to be objectively quantified. This finding may have implications in criminal cases."
Source:- The Independent

DID YOU KNOW THOSE FACTS ABOUT ERITREA

The following are interesting facts about Eritrea and Eritreans.

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1) The name Nara means “Sky heaven”

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The Nara name means “sky, heaven”. Their language is called “Nara

Bana”, meaning “Nara talk.” (1976, Marvin Lionel Bender, 

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2) The name “Beni-Amir” means “Sons of Amir”

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The Beni-Amir are either regarded as a separate ethnic group or as the largest clan within the Tigre ethnic group. Their clan name of Beni Amir means “Sons of Amir” (2003, Favali, Pateman, p.28).

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3) The name Kunama means “natural”

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“The term Kunama means natural” ( 2001, Istituto italiano per l’Africa, p.575). Among the Kunama if an individual misbehaves, often people would utter that the person is not behaving the “Kunama way” (i. e, the natural way). Similarly if you request drinking water from a woman who also has beer, the woman would ask you bia Kunama benube aifa? The meaning of this stement is “do you want natural water or beer?” In these two contexts the word Kunama is used to mean natural.” ( 2001, Istituto italiano per l’Africa, p.575)

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4) The name Tigrinya means “Tigre language”

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Tigre of Tigr-inya is the speaker, while the suffix -inya  in Tigrinya denotes to “language,” (1996, Kjetil Tronvoll, p.30)

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5) The name Rashaida means “Refugee”

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The Rashida means “refugee” in Arabic -(1996, Kjetil Tronvoll, p.27)

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6) The name Blin (Bilen) is thought to derive from Saho, which means “Christians”

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The meaning of the word ‘Bilin’ also is not known. Some version of the tradition holds that it is Saho word (belen) for Christian. In fact, ‘Belen’ in Saho means a Christian. (Kiflemariam Hamdé, ‘Absmará yunivarsiti, p.3)

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7) The name Afar means “the free”

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Afar, meaning “the free,” is the name the Danakil give themselves..” (1976, Georg Gerster, 49)

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 The name Saho means “nomad”

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The term “Saho” means nomad (“Saa” means animals, “hoo” means  caretaker). This is essentially a linguistic classification, as they speak a common language, the Saho. (2010, Abdulkader Saleh Mohammad, p.111)

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9) The name Dahlak islands means “Gates of Hell”

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Do to the forbidding climate of the Dahlak islands, it is believed to have been derived from an Arabic word, ‘Dah’ala’, whose translation is the “gates of hell”. (Dahalik: Mysterious Tongue of the Dahlak Islands, by Hanna Azbaha )

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10) The name of Eritrea’s town Mendefera means “No one dared”

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Mendefera (literally meaning ‘No One Dared’) is a reference to the fierce resistance put up by the local people against Italian colonialisation.(2006, Phillips, Carillet, p. 337)

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11)The name of Eritrea’s port city Massawa means “Shout loudly”

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Most theories advanced seem to agree on the lingusitic roots of the word Massawa, which would be a Tigre word derived from the Ge’ez word Mesuwa’, meaning “cry, loud call.” According to one version, a fisherman from Dahlak, surpised by a storm, was thrown by the winds with his boat onto an uninhabited island that was situated very close to the mainland. Following his return to Dahlak, he described it as so small that if one shouted strong enough he could make himself heard on the other side of the island. From that point onward, the Daalakis who began to settle there called it “Massawa.” The other version relates that before the causeways connecting Massawa to mainland were built (1870), when traders came to the port their caravans, they reached Gherar on the mainland, and had to shout to the boatmen on Massawa Island to come and get them and their goods to the island-town. (2009, Jonathan Miran, p. 123)

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12) The name of Eritrea’s capital Asmara means “United”

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Asmara grew from four villages founded in the twelfth century AD. Originally, it is said, there were four clans living in the Asmara area on the Kebessa Plateau: the Gheza Gurtom, the Gheza Shelele, the Gheza Serenser and Gheza Asmae. Encouraged by their women, the men united the four clans and defeated the bandits who preyed on the area. After the victory, a new name was given to the place; Arbaete Asmara which literally means, in the Tigrinya language, “the four are united.” Eventually Arabaete was droppped and it has been called Asmara, though there is still a zone called Arbaete Asmara. (2007, Keith Fauscett, p. 121)

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13) The word Asmara in Indonesia means “Love”

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In Indonesia the word asmara means love – (1974, Sudarsono, p.44)

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14) The name of Eritrea’s city Keren means “Rocky” in Blin and “Mountain” in Tigrinya.

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“the name ‘Keren’ derived from two Eritrean languages Bilen and Tigrigna. The word ‘Krna’ in Bilen means stony or rocky, and ‘keren’ in Tigrigna means mountain (2007, by Denison, Paice, p.189)

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15) Eritrea after Egypt has the second highest archeological historical discoveries in Africa.

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The number of archeological sites in the country which was 45,000 previously has now increased to 80,000… Eritrea ranks second after Egypt in Africa for its rich archeological sites and historical places. (Dr. Yosief Libsekal, head of the Eritrean National Museum.)

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16) There are Two Nigerian ethnic groups who live in Eritrea.

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The Hausa and Bargo Nigerian-Eritreans, who are collectively called the Tokharir, migrated to Eritrea almost a century ago. ”…. the Tokharir, who arrived from Nigeria having made the pilgrimage to Mecca many centuries ago and did not have the means to get themselves home, so they stopped in Eritrea and eastern sudan and have remained there ever since. They are found in the western lowlands, especially around Tesseni, and in some areas around Keren.” (2007, Denison,Paice, p.37)

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17) In the 1962 nations cup won by Ethiopia, 9 of the 11 starters of that team were Eritreans.

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Their names were: Lucian Vassalo, Tesfay Gebremedhin, Berhe Goitom (Patata), Etalo Vassalo, Kiflom Araya, Gilamichael Tesfamariam (wedi Mariano), Haile Tesfagaber, Tekle Kidane, Asmelash Berhe, Tsegay Tesfay, Negassi Gebremichael and Berhane Beyene were Eritreans who were part of the 1962 historic Ethiopian National team. (by Esseyas Fsehaye, Shabait, 2010)

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18) Many Eritrean villages in the Eritrean highlands are named after Beja place-names.

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During the Beja kingdoms of Eritrea (8th – 14 century AD) the 9th century Arab geographer Al-Ya’qubi wrote of six Beja kingdoms located in what is today Eritrea. Beja place names are found throughout the central and northern highlands of Eritrea, suggesting widespread Beja interaction with other communities (2008, Schmidt, Curtis, Teka , p. 284)

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19) Eritrea’s Dahlak Islanders were the first Muslim converts in the Horn of Africa.

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Based on direct archaeological evidence, the Dahlak Islands, off the coast of Eritrea, are the oldest Muslim coummunites in the horn Africa (2003, Timothy Insoll, P.49)

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20) In Tigre and Tigrinya P-sounds occur only in foreign loan words

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“In Tigre and Tigrinya P occurs in foreign words. (1966, Tucker,Bryan, p. 595) According to Woldu (1985), /p/ does not exist in the phonology of Tigrinya, though schooled Tigrinya speakers have little difficulty in pronouncing and perceiving it. It is mostly used for Italian loanwords (pane, polizia, posta, etc.). (2008, Heine, Nurse, p.65)

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21) Most Kunama believe in their traditional god named Anna.

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“most Kunama remain pagans who believe in a supreme being called Anna.” (2004, Shinn, Ofcansky, Prouty, p.245)

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22) The earliest written Tigrinya discovered dates to the 13th century in Logosadara, Eritrea.

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“An especially interesting reference was made by the Italian scholar Carlo Conti Rossini in his introduction to Mauro da Leonessa’s Tigrinya Grammar, where he speaks of land contracts from Enda Abba Matta that show ‘indications from the 13th century that the Tigrinya language was already formed’. He also mentions an Eritrean monk called Yeshaq who between 1403 and 1450 is said to have written in Tigrinya. What exactly constituted these ‘indications’ and what any such early Tigrinya material might have been is not known.” (2008, Andrew Simpson, p. 227)

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23) In the early 1940s, the British wanted to turn Eritrea into a Jewish colony

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“Early on the research department had added a new dimension to the Eritrean problem by suggesting that Britain support a Jewish settlement in Eritrea. The primary purpose of creating a Jewish colony in Eritrea was to divert Jewish immigration from Palestine and thereby to relax tensions in the British dominion in Palestine itself. In support of their recommendation, the authors of these findings argued that Eritrea had a suitable climate and sufficient unexploited land to be used for Jewish colonization. (1991, Okbazghi Yohannes, p. 64)

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24) The oldest settled civilization in the horn of Africa is found in Eritrea.

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“The remains of what is thought to be the oldest settled agricultural community in Africa have been discovered on the outskirts of the Eritrean capital, Asmara, the United Nations has said.” (5-22-2002, BBC )

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25) Human ancestry migrated out of Africa north along Eritrea’s Red Sea coast.

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Bob walter discovered the oldest evidence of stone tools near a marine environment. Dating at 125,000 years old, the find suggest early human ancestry migrated out of Africa north along Eritrea’s red sea coast (July, 2000, GeoTimes)

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26) Afar women usually don’t quest courtship with a man who hasn’t killed another man.

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“Afars culture emphasizes a man’s strength and bravery, and prestige comes traditionally from killing one’s enemy. The strinkingly beautiful Afar women will usually not consider courtship with a man who has never killed another man. They hope for a husband who wears the iron bracelet indicating that he has killed ten men.” (2002, James Minahan, p.42)